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Understanding cataracts and cataract surgery


Cataracts can affect the vision of millions, particularly as they age. But what exactly are cataracts, and how does cataract surgery help restore vision? This blog aims to demystify these questions and offer a clear explanation of the symptoms, causes, and solutions surrounding cataracts.


What are cataracts?

A cataract is when the natural lens of the eye becomes cloudy. This clouding occurs when proteins in the lens clump together, leading to blurred or impaired vision. The process is typically gradual, starting as a small area of cloudiness that can expand over time, making it increasingly difficult to see clearly.


Types of cataracts

Cataracts can be classified into different types based on their location within the lens and how they develop:

  1. Nuclear cataracts: Form in the centre of the lens.

  2. Cortical cataracts: Start at the edge of the lens and progress toward the centre in a spoke-like fashion.

  3. Posterior subcapsular cataracts: Develop at the back of the lens and often progress more quickly than other types.

  4. Congenital cataracts: Present at birth or develop during childhood and may be genetic in origin or due to intrauterine factors.

Symptoms of cataracts

Cataracts often develop slowly, which means you might not notice any changes in your vision at first. However, as cataracts progress, the following symptoms can become apparent:

  • Blurry or cloudy vision: The most common and noticeable symptom.

  • Difficulty seeing at night: Reduced night vision can affect activities like driving.

  • Sensitivity to light and glare: Bright lights may become uncomfortable.  

  • Fading or yellowing of colours: Colours may appear less vibrant.

  • Halos around lights: Glare from lights may form halos, especially noticeable at night.

  • Frequent changes in spectacle or contact lens prescription 


If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult an eyecare professional for an accurate diagnosis.

Causes of cataracts

The most common cause of cataracts is aging. As people get older, the proteins within the lens of the eye start to break down and clump together. However, other factors can also contribute to cataract development:

  • Genetic predisposition: A family history of cataracts increases your risk.

  • Diabetes: Individuals with diabetes are at higher risk of developing cataracts at an earlier age.

  • Excessive exposure to sunlight: Ultraviolet (UV) light can accelerate cataract formation.

  • Smoking and alcohol consumption: Both are associated with a higher risk of cataracts.

  • Eye injuries or surgery: Trauma to the eye can lead to cataracts.

  • Certain medications: Prolonged use of corticosteroids has been linked to cataract development.


What is cataract surgery?

Cataract surgery is a highly effective and common procedure performed to restore vision impaired by cataracts. It is one of the safest surgeries, boasting a high success rate. 

The procedure

Cataract surgery involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). The procedure is usually quick, taking less than an hour, and is performed on an outpatient basis. Below is an overview of the process:

  1. Preparation: The eye is numbed using local anaesthesia. Sedation may be offered to help patients feel more relaxed.

  2. Removal of the cataract: The surgeon makes a tiny incision in the cornea and uses a technique called phacoemulsification. In this method, an ultrasonic device breaks the cloudy lens into small pieces, which are then suctioned out.

  3. Insertion of the IOL: Once the natural lens is removed, an artificial lens is inserted in its place. These IOLs are designed to restore clear vision and may even correct other vision issues, such as astigmatism or presbyopia.

  4. Closing the incision: The incision is so small that it often does not require stitches, as it heals on its own.

Types of intraocular lenses


  • Monofocal IOLs: Provide clear vision at a single distance (either near or far).

  • Multifocal IOLs: Offer multiple focusing distances to reduce the need for glasses.

  • Extended depth of focus IOLs: Offer good distance and intermediate vison.

  • Toric IOLs: Specifically designed to correct astigmatism.



Recovery and aftercare

Recovery from cataract surgery is typically straightforward. Most patients experience improved vision within a few days, though complete recovery may take a few weeks. During this period, patients are advised to:

  • Avoid strenuous activities for a short period.

  • Use prescribed eye drops to prevent infection and control inflammation.

  • Protect the eyes from dust, water, and bright light using sunglasses or an eye shield.

When should you consider surgery?

Cataract surgery is generally recommended when cataracts begin to interfere with daily life and activities such as reading, driving, or recognizing faces. An eye specialist will evaluate the degree of vision impairment and discuss the benefits and potential risks of surgery.

Final thoughts

Cataracts are an unavoidable aspect of aging, but modern cataract surgery provides a safe and effective solution. With minimal discomfort and a rapid recovery time, cataract surgery allows millions of people each year to regain their sight and improve their quality of life. If you suspect you might have cataracts or have questions about treatment options, please do get in touch and we’ll discuss the best options for you.


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